The Jungle Social Criticism And Realism - 1075 Words

The Jungle, due to its strong social criticism and realism in portrayal of social issues evident in the given period of time, put Sinclair at the center of radical social movement that was held by its members to resist the acceleration of total capitalism in early 20th century in America, the period that was identified as the â€Å"Progressive Era.† The main purpose of those movements was aimed at bringing the awareness of public through literature about the dominance of political elites who gained a full control over the media, diminishing any ability for counteraction from the masses. In his novel, Sinclair opposes the values of socialism to the ones of American capitalism, portraying the intensity of struggles in the lives of a family of immigrants in the context of social, political, and economic intricacies of Chicago in the early 1900s. It was noted that the historical period and the events portrayed in the novel were similarly turbulent in the reality. With the election of Theodore Roosevelt as the President of the United States, America was deeply segregated in its social classification between wealthy and poor. The period that captured the Civil War was associated with the development of capitalism, which created the life of a working class decrease in quality, as the workers had to struggle for jobs, while choosing the place of employment in the inhuman conditions. The mass strike of 1877 enhanced the instability between social classes supporting employers’ repressionShow MoreRelatedUpton Sinclair and His Influence on Society Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pageshis writing ended up having the deepest social impact upon the public since Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin. This was accomplished through his works such as The Jungle, King Coal, Oil!, and Boston. His work reflects socialistic views and he a chieved worldwide recognition extremely easily. He influenced society through the publication of The Jungle, which led to the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. He also responded to other peoples criticism of his works through letters and articlesRead MoreA Cry for Socialist Reform in The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Essay2412 Words   |  10 PagesA Cry for Socialist Reform in The Jungle by Upton Sinclair The Jungle is usually associated with the federal legislation it provoked. Americans were horrified to learn about the terrible sanitation under which their meat products were packed. They were even more horrified to learn that the labels listing the ingredients in tinned meat products were full of lies. The revelation that rotten and diseased meat was sold without a single consideration for public health infuriated the American publicRead MoreHard Times as a Novel of Social Realism Is Wholly Unsuccessful. Do You Agree?2050 Words   |  9 Pages‘Hard Time’s as a novel of social realism is wholly unsuccessful. Do you agree? ‘Hard Times’ is a novel based on a short visit made by the author Charles Dickens to a town similar to ‘Coketown’ called Preston. He made this journey in an attempt to identify the social problem of the exploitation of factory workers. Dickens was sensitive to the social abuses which pervaded the Victorian society and so with an approach of a utilitarian denial of human imagination; he used the factories of the fictionalRead More Sinclair Lewis and Babbitt2178 Words   |  9 Pagesthe late 19th century and lived until the middle of the 20th century so he witnessed many social transformations, including electricity, the automobile and the rise of industrialism and urban centers.   His college years were spent at Yale and he worked early in his writing career as a newspaper journalist and editor.   His early works like The Job:   An American Novel were characteristic of the satire and realism that would come to be trademarks of his mature style.   Lew is would go on to write novelsRead MoreThe Music Of Rap And Hip Hop1813 Words   |  8 Pagesproduce revenue and have people talking. Nicki doesn’t shy away from criticism and stereotypes, in the very first shot of the video she appears from the jungle, calling on the idea of how society places judgement and ideals of a black women being of an â€Å"exotic and animalistic† beast. Her body alone is a statement within itself, not only is she reclaiming the idealistic images of a curvy women but she is also reclaiming it to fit the realism of how females come in different shapes and sizes. There is aRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pagesâ€Å"laws† of the poet’s imagination Romantic vs. Neoclassic(4) Subject matter: nature; central human experiences and problems Feelingful meditation; thinking Romantic vs. Neoclassic(5) Subject matter: personal experiences of the poet, often the social nonconformists or outcasts Romantic vs. Neoclassic(6) Human beings are endowed with limitless aspiration toward the infinite good Highest art – an endeavour beyond finite human possibility The American Romanticism stretched from the end of theRead MoreThe Gilded Age And Imperialism Expansion1827 Words   |  8 Pageslooked at it as a positive change. The poor laborers in the gilded age often viewed the change that occurred during the era as a negative one. The fact that working conditions for laborers were poor was no secret. A passage from Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle depicts these conditions of an old man stating, â€Å"He worked in a place where his feet were soaked in chemicals and it was not long before the chemicals had eaten through his boots. Then sores began to break out on his feet and grew worse and worseRead MoreHow Law Affects Society3172 Words   |  13 PagesWendell Holmes, Jr.Cardozo define law as â€Å"a principle or rule of conduct so established as to justify a prediction with reasonable certainty that it will be enforced by the courts if its authority is challenged.†[ Law and Society : Readings on The Social Study of Law by Stewart Macaulay, Lawrence M.Friedman, and John Stookey (Editors). New York: W.W Norton Company, 1995. 912pp. Vol.7 No.6 (June 1997) pp.281-291.] Law, from laymen’s perspectives would likely be just some rules that they should obeyRead MoreSalinger s The Catcher Of The Rye2057 Words   |  9 Pagesisn’t enough to understand what is troubling Holden, as we must look back as he traverses New York City. The movement that focuses on Holden’s experience as a whole is transcendentalism. Throughout 75% of the book, Holden is wandering the â€Å"concrete jungle† of New York in order to claim the last few moments of freedom that he has left. Hence, this reflects the transcendental ideal that emotions are best reached by living in nature. So okay, New York City isn’t exactly au naturale, but Holden does haveRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 PagesTHE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL 2 II KEY AUTHORS 3 III KEY TEXTS 3 IV TOPICS 3 INTRODUCTION Many associate the word â€Å"Victorian† with images of over-dressed ladies and snooty gentlemen gathered in reading rooms. The idea of â€Å"manners† does sum up the social climate of middle-class England in the nineteenth century. However, if there is one transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of society was affected by rapid and unforeseeable changes

How to Analyze Text Free Essays

ANALYZING A PASSAGE In writing about literature or any specific text, you will strengthen your discussion if you offer specific passages from the text as evidence. Rather than simply dropping in quotations and expecting their significance and relevance to your argument to be self-evident, you need to provide sufficient analysis of the passage. Remember that your over-riding goal of analysis writing is to demonstrate some new understanding of the text. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Analyze Text or any similar topic only for you Order Now HOW TO ANALYZE A TEXT? 1. Read or reread the text with specific questions in mind. 2. Marshal basic ideas, events and names. Depending on the complexity of book, this requires additional review of the text. 3. Think through your personal reaction to the book: identification, enjoyment, significance, application. 4. Identify and consider most important ideas (importance will depend on context of class, assignment, study guide). 5. Return to the text to locate specific evidence and passages related to the major ideas. 6. Use your knowledge following the principles of analyzing a passage described below: test, essay, research, presentation, discussion, enjoyment. PRINCIPLES OF ANALYZING A PASSAGE 1. Accompanying material: The Man With The Scar Offer a thesis or topic sentence indicating a basic observation or assertion about the text or passage. 2. Offer a context for the passage without offering too much summary. 3. Cite the passage (using correct format). 4. Then follow the passage with some combination of the following elements: * Discuss what happens in the passage and why it is significant to the work as a whole. * Consider what is said, particularly subtleties of the imagery and the ideas expressed. * Assess how it is said, considering how the word choice, the ordering of ideas, sentence structure, etc. contribute to the meaning of the passage. * Explain what it means, tying your analysis of the passage back to the significance of the text as a whole. 5. Repeat the process of context, quotation and analysis with additional support for your thesis or topic sentence. SAMPLE ANALYSIS PARAGRAPHS FROM JAMES MCBRIDE’S  THE COLOR OF WATER An important difference between James and his mother is their method of deali ng with the pain they experience. While James turns inward, his mother Ruth turns outward, starting a new relationship, moving to a different place, keeping herself busy. Ruth herself describes that, even as a young girl, she had an urge to run, to feel the freedom and the movement of her legs pumping as fast as they can (42). As an adult, Ruth still feels the urge to run. Following her second husband’s death, James points out that, â€Å"while she weebled and wobbled and leaned, she did not fall. She responded with speed and motion. She would not stop moving† (163). As she biked, walked, rode the bus all over the city, â€Å"she kept moving as if her life depended on it, which in some ways it did. She ran, as she had done most of her life, but this time she was running for her own sanity† (164). Ruth’s motion is a pattern of responding to the tragedy in her life. As a girl, she did not sit and think about her abusive father and her trapped life in the Suffolk store. Instead she just left home, moved on, tried something different. She did not analyze the connections between pain and understanding, between action and response, even though she seems to understand them. As an adult, she continues this pattern, although her running is modified by her responsibilities to her children and home. The image of running that McBride uses here and elsewhere supports his understanding of his mother as someone who does not stop and consider what is happening in her life yet is able to move ahead. Movement provides the solution, although a temporary one, and preserves her sanity. Discrete moments of action preserve her sense of her own strength and offer her new alternatives for the future. Even McBride’s sentence structure in the paragraph about his mother’s running supports the effectiveness of her spurts of action without reflection. Although varying in length, each of the last seven sentences of the paragraph begins with the subject â€Å"She† and an active verb such as â€Å"rode,† â€Å"walked,† â€Å"took,† â€Å"grasp† and â€Å"ran. † The section is choppy, repetitive and yet clear, as if to reinforce Ruth’s unconscious insistence on movement as a means of coping with the difficulties of her life. FROM TONI MORRISON’S  THE BLUEST EYE #1 The negative effect the environment can have on the individual is shown in Morrison’s comparison of marigolds in the ground to people in the environment. Early in the novel, Claudia and Frieda are concerned that the marigold seeds they planted that spring never sprouted. At the end of the novel, Claudia reflects on the connection to Pecola’s failure: I talk about how I did not plant the seeds too deeply, how it was the fault of the earth, our land, our town. I even think now that the land of the entire country was hostile to marigolds that year. This soil is bad for certain kinds of flowers. Certain seeds it will not nurture, certain fruit it will not bear, and when the land kills of its own volition, we acquiesce and say the victim had no right to live. 206) Morrison obviously views the environment as a powerful influence on the individual when she suggests that the earth itself is hostile to the growth of the marigold seeds. In a similar way, people cannot thrive in a hostile environment. Pecola Breedlove is a seed planted in the hostile environment, and, when she is not nurtured in any way, she cannot thrive. #2 One effect o f the belief that white skin, blonde hair and blue eyes are the most beautiful is evident in the characters who admire white film stars. Morrison shows an example of the destructive effect of this beauty standard on the character Pecola. When Pecola lives with Claudia and Frieda, the two sisters try to please their guest by giving her milk in a Shirley Temple mug. Claudia recalls, â€Å"She was a long time with the milk, and gazed fondly at the silhouette of Shirley Temple’s face† (19). This picture of two young African-American girls admiring the beauty of a white American film star is impossible for Claudia to comprehend. Another character who admires white beauty is Maureen Peale. As Pecola and the girls walk past a movie theater on their way home with Maureen, Maureen asks if the others â€Å"just love† Betty Grable, who smiles from a movie poster. When she later tells the others she is cute and they are ugly, Maureen reveals her belief that she is superior because she looks more like a Betty Grable image than the blacker girls do. Pecola’s and Maureen’s fascination with popular images is preceded by Pauline’s own belief in the possibility of movie images. She describes doing her hair like Jean Harlow’s and eating candy at a movie. Rather than being transported into the romantic heaven of Hollywood, she loses a tooth and ends in despair. â€Å"Everything went then. Look like I just didn’t care no more after that. I let my hair go back, plaited it up, and settled down to just being ugly† (123). Admiring beauty in another is one thing; transferring a sense of self-hatred when a person doesn’t measure is another. At that point, the power of white beauty standards becomes very destructive. TSITSI DANGAREMBGA’S  NERVOUS CONDITIONS Although Tambu recognizes the injustices she and Nyasha endure as females, she hesitates to act on her suspicion because of fear. First of all, she is afraid that she might not recognize and feel comfortable with herself in a critical role. She hesitates to pursue her critique, noting to herself, â€Å"I was beginning to suspect that I was not the person I was expected to be, and took it as evidence that somewhere I had taken a wrong turning† (116). Using other people’s perceptions rather than her own, she judges her thoughts to be wrong. Although she senses that her behavior as the â€Å"grateful poor female relative† was insincere, she admitted it felt more comfortable. It mapped clearly the ways I could or could not go, and by keeping within those boundaries I was able to avoid the mazes of self-confrontation† (116). While she is somewhat embarrassed that she lacks the intensity she had when fighting against Nhamo and her father over the maize, she is reluctant to lose Babamakuru’s protection and fears experiencing the same kind of trauma Nyasha does in her struggle. Althoug h she says she feels â€Å"wise to be preserving [her] energy, unlike [her] cousin, who was burning herself out,† she reveals that she fears losing a familiar sense of herself in order to battle injustices. How to cite How to Analyze Text, Essay examples

New Light On The Olmec Essays - Mesoamerica,

New Light on the Olmec The Olmec were Mesoamerica's first civilization. They were located in Laguna de los Cerros, tres Zapotes, San Lorenzo, La Venta, and the Tuxtla Mountains, in Mexico. The purpose of this report is to show how the Olmec lived, their beliefs, and their spectacular art. The Olmec were a mother culture to later civilizations. The culture of the Olmec started in Mexico's Gulf Coast between 1200 and 1400 B.C , approximately between the Trojan war, and the golden age of Athens, and ended about 3000 years ago. The Olmec were among the first Americans to design ritual centres and raise earthen pyramids. On the pyramids there were statues which were strategically placed as a shrine. As the Olmec culture gradually developed some Olmec villages grew strong and powerful, while others were less fortunate. The villages shared their resources, such as rubber and basalt. The Olmec had different social ranks, from workers such as fishers, farmers, traders and specialists such as artisans and sculptors, to rulers. Rulers were individuals who had the power to float basalt down the river and to commission colossal statues and other public work. The Olmec farmed and ate corn. They also ate shellfish, fish, turtles, beans, deer, and dog. Perhaps the most spectacular trait of the Olmec were that they used hieroglyphs. They used hieroglyphs to record dates, events, and to tell stories. Although the Olmec were hard workers they still had time for a ceremonial ball game. The Olmec had many beliefs. Among these beliefs were chaneques which were dwarf trixters who lived in water falls. They also had their own beliefs in cosmology. The Olmec had natural shrines devoted to the hill on which the shrine was located and the water. The Olmec were believed to have a corn god. Jaguars were also worshipped religiously, perhaps because the jaguar was the most powerful predator. The Olmec believed that the jaguar brought rain. The men would sacrifice blood to the jaguar, wear masks, dance, and crack whips to imitate the sound of thunder. This ritual was done in May. The Olmec also made offerings of jade figures to the jaguar. The Olmec had early achievements in art. Perhaps the most incredible findings from the Olmec culture are the sculptures. The Olmec used wood, basalt and jade to make the statues. The wooden artifacts are said to be the oldest in Mesoamerica. The Olmec used basalt to make colossal heads. The size of these heads ranged from 5 feet to 11 feet tall. Some say the heads represent sacrificial offering. Others think they portray the elite Olmec ancestors. These heads have also been interpreted as being warriors or ball players. Basalt was also used to carve thrones. The Olmec used art to glorify rulers by making them monuments of super natural creatures to portray them such as part human, part beast. The beast was usually the jaguar. It is believed that these monuments were annihilated after the death of the leader. The figurines made of jade were small and sexless. Some of the more elaborate statues wore extensive headdress with a long train, and rectangular chest plates, sat cross-legged, leaned forward and looked straight ahead. In conclusion the Olmec, Mesoamerica's first civilization were a mother culture to other civilizations. They had many beliefs, and had early achievements in elaborate art. The article, "New light on the Olmec," was an interesting article but it was very repetitive. It is scarcely recommended.

Salem Witch Trials Essays - Salem Witch Trials, Witchcraft, Tituba

Salem Witch Trials Essays - Salem Witch Trials, Witchcraft, Tituba Salem Witch Trials Chadwick Hansen. Witchcraft at Salem. New York: George Braziller, INC., 1969. 252pp. Many people believe that the witch-hunt of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, was based upon mere delusions of a few frightened teenage girls. Despite the popular viewpoint of many other historians, Chadwick Hansen's book, Witchcraft at Salem, offers a generally discarded point of view. He uses exhausted research and well-written material to argue that the events of 1692 were true signs of witchcraft. Hansen proves this thesis by elaborate descriptions of the girls who were afflicted and by extensive trial evidence. In many historical writings the girls that were afflicted by the witches were usually branded as liars, who were afraid of the repercussion of taking part in the craft. Hansen, however, takes the stand that the girls were, for the most part, believable. The convulsive fits were so grotesque that eyewitnesses agreed that it was impossible for the girls to be acting (1). The girls were believed above all others because the courts could not bear the thought that the fits and loss of memory, appetite, hearing, sight, and speech were false. Hansen goes on to describe the torment that the girls faced. They felt themselves pinched and bitten, and often there were actual marks upon the skin (1). Hansen's ability to describe to the girl's afflictions in such detail lends the reader to believe that actual witches caused the torture of the girls. For markings to appear upon the skin of the girls, where nothing physically had touched their skin, Hansen concludes that it could only be a result of supernatural beings. Hansen's well-researched trial evidence is a very convincing argument. He presents the reader with numerous cases and the process each went through. There were two cases unparticular as to which Hansen writes about explicitly. He writes of a maidservant, Tituba, and of a woman of the community, Dorcas Good. Both Tituba and Dorcas Good admitted to being involved in the art of witchcraft. Hansen uses these confessions and other numerous convictions for his basis that there was witchcraft in Salem. Fifty-two people were indicted for witchcraft, for which many of them were accused due to spectral evidence (205). Hansen relies greatly on spectral evidence as a basis for conviction, because for the majority of the time that was generally (if not only) all the evidence the court had to decide upon. The extensive sources Hansen cited for the foundation of his theory are historical writings. Many of the works he cited dated back to the late 1600's and early 1700's; however there are some that were as recent as the 1960's. There is a wide variety of material, with over 175 sources cited. Hansen went to great lengths to ensure that the material was accurate. He took a year off from teaching at Pennsylvania State University, and traveled to the Massachusetts area to work with more desirable information. His sources were well documented and extensively researched. There were witches in Salem, however there were not a significant number. Some of the girls were acting out of fear of the consequence of their actions in the craft. He has provided much evidence on many different trials but failed to point out a significant number of confessed witches. His weighty reliance on spectral evidence, as support to the convictions of the accused women, is a serious misjudgment. Furthermore spectral evidence was later viewed as an unreliable source due to the Devil's ability to impersonate anyone. The witch trials were an important event in Puritan society; however, it is hard to believe that among such a small number of people, there were a significant number who practiced witchcraft. Furthermore, medical knowledge of seizures and their cause was little known at this time. This avenue of thought would have enlightened known physical actions of the women. Lastly the Puritan religion was a strict religion with some fanatic beliefs which can cause people to m anifest ideas in their thinking. Hansen's work on the trials proves that a few people practiced witchcraft, however, that could not have true of fifty-two people

Student Research Paper

Student Research Paper Student Research Paper Student Research Paper: Enjoy Students Life If you are looking for highly professional student research paper that will bring you the highest grade and admiration of your professor, you have come to the right place. Our custom writing site is a paradise for those who are in need of professional help in academic writing. It does not matter at all whether you are in a sharp need of interesting and successful student research paper topics or you eager for buying professional student research paper, in both of the cases you are going to be greatly satisfied with a result. Our custom writing is like a magic wizard who makes all your dreams come true. However, instead of making magic and using magic wand for dealing with your wishes, we use our professionalism and great experience in academic writing. That is why if making use of our custom writing site, your desire about A+ grade for student research paper writing will obviously come true. Custom Writing Guarantees Original Research Paper Writing We have been running a business of custom writing for a long time and during this time, we have received an honorable name of trusted company that is always ready to help and to support students in their hard studying times. We have hundreds of thankful customers who use our servicing regularly and order student research paper to be written for them each time when they get a new task at their higher educational establishments. A lot of students understand now that students life is too short in order to waste it for writing student research paper and that is why they order it at our site and enjoy themselves instead of sitting in the library and hating the whole world. If you want to become that one who really enjoys students life and does not sit at home making friendship with textbooks instead of going out, we offer you to become our customer and to taste your life in real. Join our team of those who enjoy the life and do not consider student research paper to b e a difficult task. We Can Handle All Academic Assignments! We are waiting for you at our custom writing site in order to complete all your assignments such as student research paper writing and to give you a chance to live! Thanks to our policy of confidentiality of servicing no one will ever get to know that you have been using our custom writing site, we give you one hundred per cent of guarantee in this fact.

Is Wikipedia a Credible Source or Not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Is Wikipedia a Credible Source or Not - Essay Example According to the essay findings, it can, therefore, be said that a lot of information from the Internet is not trustworthy. Someone, even an elementary student, who is not knowledgeable in a subject can contribute to the Internet information databases. Students often go to Wikipedia to get the majority of information for their essays or research papers; however, this site especially is not trusted. An experiment that I did on Wikipedia has proven this statement. I wrote â€Å"My article was published in 2002† on Nature (journal) on Wikipedia on May 27, 2007. What I wrote was obviously worthless information; however, it stayed on the website for six hours. According to Wikipedia article traffic statistics, there were 867 hits on May 27, 2010. Even though there were a lot of hits on the same day, it needed to be caught for six hours. If I wrote something sound, for instance, â€Å"Professor John McGuire at Harvard University published his biology article, a Novel Substrate of m TOR, Negatively Regulates Autophagy, in Nature on May 20, 2009,† someone would have believed this information, or someone would have used this in their essay as a resource. Getting accurate sources from the Internet involves time to think about whether it is reliable or not. We should closely look at an author’s expertise, the title of the website, and the date of publication or latest update. As I set out to prove, Wikipedia is definitely not a credible source.

Personal impression of Car designer Chris Bangle and his design Essay

Personal impression of Car designer Chris Bangle and his design - Essay Example BMW simultaneously passed Mercedes Benz and took the global leader title in sale of premium cars. He stood firmly for his designs and defended them against any criticisms. He retired from BMW after introducing GINA, a car of stunning concept, in 2009 (Bangle 4). In 2010, he brought his unique insight and extensive knowledge of design as he featured in annual design festivals in Victoria. Chris Bangle has inspired many people in the world of automotive design including children (Braes 12). However, Bangle states that art is the only secret to great cars. He says that automobiles refer to the embodiment of art, sculpture and entertainment that coincidentally provide transportation. In order for automobile design to be successful, the designer has to make very decisive designs. Bangle is the founding father of BMWs, which are very popular up to-date. He believes that automobile design is the only pinnacle of design, while others are only substrate forms. Today, the automobile has become a product with very high significant impact and emotional properties in the society. After houses, they are the second biggest purchased major properties in Bangle’s view. Developments in Automobile industry Automobile design has evolved from the frontier between science, art, and market, to progressively becoming an aesthetic reference (Bangle 5). Aspects like aesthetic appeal, brand expression and impression, and emotional response are greatly influenced by the appearance of the product and therefore it has become an area of great concern among automotive manufacturers and designers today. Factors that are related to aesthetic and identity like interior and exterior styling that increase a car’s attractiveness are the number one criteria in purchasing across the world. Bangle was very keen on this and that is what has made his car models very popular and classic until today. Activities in automobile design involve shaping the car until all its aspects are visible. This is in styling the shape of the outer body and interior’s graceful appointments, together with arrangement of the engine compartment components. Bangle (17) says that before technical features are evaluated, the direct perception of the vehicle plays a much bigger role in determining whether the vehicle will be accepted or rejected. According to Bangle, automobile design involves taking into account many elements like car function, market, distribution, production, promotion, safety, price reduction and environmental concerns. The Effects of Bangle’s Design Movement to the Industrial Design Industry Regardless of many sentiments from many critics, Bangle has significantly affected the industrial design industry (Braes 21). His one and half decade of service in automobile designs for Munich manufacturers was marked in his 2009 retirement. To understand the contributions that he has had in automobiles industry, it is important to take a look at BMW’s styling before and after his service. Since the 1960s stunning CS couples, BMW design was so conservative that getting more progress was rare. Conservativeness was like the polite way of saying and staying dull. However, the pr esence of Bangle really transformed the styling of BMW. It is not a wonder that within a short while, it overtook great cars like Mercedes Benz in demand and price in the market. The BMW’s driving dynamics and power trains were the envy of many manufacturers (Georgano 56). Its styling made their rivals spend sleepless nights, hence striving to improve their designs. Consequently, there was marked improvement in the industrial de